Current Trends in Clinical & Medical Sciences in Iris Publishers

Transition from Junior to Senior Residency in Emergency Medicine: Requirements, Challenges and Recommendations Authored by Fatimah Lateef Introduction In Singapore, Emergency Medicine (EM) residency training according to the ACGME-I guidelines commenced in 2010. It provides structured and formative post-graduate training in EM. It aims to inculcate the fundamental knowledge, skills and humanistic qualities that make up the foundations of EM practice. (1) Residents will develop an expected level of clinical maturity, judgment and technical skills required to practice and also have the ability to incorporate ongoing updates and new knowledge as well as skills during their career. The training is for 5 years; 3 years in junior residency and 2, in senior residency. There are three sponsoring institutions in Singapore: National Healthcare Group, National University Health System and Singapore Health (Singhealth) Services, with the latter usually taking in the higher numbers of residents ea...

  Vaccination Contribution to World Health: History, Current and Future Authored by Ebtsam M Es Kadys Introduction Stimulating and activating the immune system against infectious diseases, by selecting vaccines in order to prepare the immune system, and this stimulation is called immune responses, which in turn provide acquired immunity to the disease against which the vaccine has been immunized, which usually consists of the microbe or its derivatives after weakening or destroying it. Vaccines may be prophylactic (to prevent or mitigate the effects of a potential infection by a natural or wild pathogen) or preventive (e.g. cancer vaccines under investigation) [1]. The inventions of Edward Jenner, which began with his popular 1796 [2] by using cowpox material to establish immunity to smallpox, rapidly spread the disease. At the beginning of the 19th century, Jenner’s vaccine technique spread rapidly across the world, sponsored by preferred governments to a measure that could m...